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Malachite green (MG) dye, a widely used triarylmethane compound, is prevalent in various industrial applications due to its water-soluble and cationic properties. However, its toxicity presents risks to both ecosystems and human health. This review provides a comprehensive overview of MG dye, covering its properties, applications, and associated hazards. It critically evaluates existing removal, categorized into biological, chemical, and physical methods, while placing special emphasis on the emerging composite adsorbents. Various types of composites, including carbon, clay, graphene, metal oxides, polymeric, and biochar composites, are discussed in terms of their design, removal efficiency, and practical feasibility. The novelty of this work lies in its dedicated focus on composite adsorbents for MG dye removal. This review also introduces a novel decision-support framework to assist in selecting suitable composites under different operational conditions. By integrating recent research with practical considerations, this study bridges the gap between laboratory-scale findings and real-world applications, offering valuable guidance for researchers, policymakers, and industry stakeholders. Additionally, recent advancements in composites, their industrial applicability, and techno-economic feasibility are explored to support future scale-up efforts. Ultimately, it seeks to support the development of more efficient and sustainable methods for MG dye remediation.
Soufal et al. (Mon,) studied this question.