Modulating Mn-doped NiO nanoparticles: structural, optical, and electrical property tailoring for enhanced hole transport layers

, was observed in the 6 wt% Mn-doped NiO NPs thin film, as determined by Hall measurements. To assess their practical utility, SCAPS-1D simulation was employed, demonstrating the potential of Mn-doped NiO NPs as a hole transport layer (HTL) in perovskite solar cells (PSCs). The enhanced electrical and optical properties, combined with structural tunability, highlight Mn-doped NiO as a promising material for advanced optoelectronic applications. This study provides valuable insights into the development of efficient and stable solar cells, offering a pathway to optimize material design for improved performance in photovoltaic applications.