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Piezoelectric materials are pivotal to sensors, actuators, and energy harvesting technologies. However, their advancement is impeded by the brittleness and biotoxicity of inorganic piezoelectric ceramics, the low piezoelectric response of piezoelectric polymers, incompatible heterogeneous interfaces in piezoelectric composites and the bio-inertness of piezoelectric single crystal surfaces. Polydopamine (PDA), a mussel-inspired biopolymer, offers a universal strategy to address these interfacial challenges. This review systematically elucidates how PDA, as an interfacial modifier, enhances piezoelectric system performance. It explores PDA's key mechanisms involving modulating the arrangement of piezoelectric polymer chains via interfacial interactions, strengthening the interfacial coupling between inorganic piezoelectric fillers and piezoelectric polymer matrices in heterogeneous composites, and constructing functionalized platforms using its surface rich in active functional groups. Furthermore, this review summarizes application examples of PDA modified piezoelectric materials in frontier fields. Furthermore, it discusses the challenges and limitations encountered during actual usage. This review aims to provide valuable insights for the further optimization and design of PDA in the interface engineering of piezoelectric materials.
Wang et al. (Tue,) studied this question.