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Bismuth (Bi)‐based materials have emerged as highly promising catalysts for electrochemical CO 2 reduction (CO 2 RR) toward formate production, owing to their high intrinsic catalytic activity and low cost. However, a critical challenge for practical application is the dynamic electrochemical reconstruction of Bi‐based catalysts during CO 2 RR electrocatalysis, an inherently uncontrollable and indeterminate process that often leads to severe structural degradation of catalysts and a subsequent decay in long‐term stability and selectivity. Herein, this review focuses on the development of stabilization strategies to moderate the dynamic reconstruction of Bi‐based catalysts. In detail, this review systematically analyzes and summarizes three distinct principal strategies: (1) passive suppression strategy, which preserves high‐valent Bi δ+ species by suppressing reconstruction; (2) proactive direction strategy, which directs a controllable “self‐optimization” reconstruction toward desired active species; and (3) circumvention strategy, which circumvents the complex reconstruction process through direct synthesis and modification of metallic Bi catalysts. This review aims to construct a rigorous theoretical framework for the rational design and controllable synthesis of advanced Bi‐based catalysts, thereby outlining some potential directions for the future industrial applications.
Li et al. (Thu,) studied this question.