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Mathematical representation unifies gravitational and electromagnetic forces, illustrating new orbital models without time.
We present the mathematical representation of gravity reduced to a single, self-contained, infinitely precise algebraic equation that unifies gravity with the electromagnetic field, building upon the foundations established by Newton, Gauss, Maxwell, Einstein, and Lorentz. We demonstrate how this mathematical framework models orbital parameters consistent with Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL) data, illustrating that time is not an intrinsic component of space. While motion cannot exist without time, this framework shows that gravitational orbital movements are precisely calculated without time. Furthermore, this paper provides a universal definition for velocity, preserves the established formulations for gravitational lensing, frame dragging, red shift, and time dilation by adapting them to a universe governed by gravity rather than time.
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Stephen Atkins (2026) studied this question.
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