Competence-based curriculum implementation in Africa: a scoping review of pedagogical and assessment practices

Background African countries have prioritized education to drive economic sustainability and improve quality of life, aligning with global development goals. Many have adopted competence-based curriculum (CBC) reforms to equip students with skills for the twenty-first-century economy. However, challenges in pedagogical and assessment practices persist.Objective The present study synthesized research evidence on pedagogical and assessment practices in CBC-implementing classrooms across select African countries (Ghana, Kenya, Rwanda, South Africa, Tanzania, Uganda, and Zambia) and further examined systemic factors hindering effective implementation.Methods A systematic review was conducted, analyzing peer-reviewed empirical evidence on CBC implementation classrooms specified countries. Data were synthesized to evaluate classroom practices, teacher training, ICT integration, parental engagement, and systemic barriers. Qualitative and quantitative findings were consolidated to identify patterns and gaps.Results Despite efforts to adopt transformative pedagogical practices, teacher-centered approaches remain prevalent. Strengths include ongoing curriculum reforms and teacher training initiatives, while weaknesses encompass inadequate continuous professional development, limited ICT integration, and inconsistent assessment practices. Systemic barriers, such as limited funding and large class sizes, hinder effective CBC implementation, impacting teacher training quality, resource availability, and parental engagement.Conclusion While African countries are advancing CBC reforms to align education with modern economic needs, systemic challenges like funding shortages and large classes impede progress. The findings underscore the need for enhanced teacher training, increased resource allocation, and stronger policy frameworks to support effective CBC implementation. These insights are valuable for policymakers in African countries planning or refining CBC strategies.