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BACKGROUND: Pine forests are among the most extensive forest ecosystems in the world, and pine trees produce a variety of by-products, including needles, bark, seeds, and resin, which are rich in natural antioxidants and other bioactive compounds with significant potential in the nutraceutical, pharmaceutical, and cosmetic sectors. Historically, they have been undervalued and often treated as waste biomass. OBJECTIVE: This review consolidates current knowledge on the antioxidant composition of pine by-products, with a focus on their innovative applications in developing new pharmaceuticals, nutraceuticals, and cosmetic products. RESULTS: The chemical composition of these by-products, such as polyphenol compounds, varies based on species, geographic and environmental conditions, and extraction techniques. Emphasis is placed on green and sustainable extraction processes that preserve antioxidant potency while minimizing environmental impact. Both in vivo and in vitro studies have demonstrated a range of beneficial effects, including anti-inflammatory, anticancer, antidiabetic, and protective activities against oxidative stress-related diseases. By harnessing the antioxidant potential of pine-derived biomaterials, we can reduce waste, promote circular bioeconomy strategies, and develop innovative health-promoting products. CONCLUSIONS: However, further research and technological advancements are needed to bring these applications to an industrial scale, serving sustainable development goals.
Tbatou et al. (Fri,) studied this question.