Estimating rare earth elements at various scales with bastnäsite indices for Mountain Pass

• New hyperspectral remote sensing technique for detecting rare earth elements. • Method developed and tested on rock samples from Mountain Pass, California. • Technique applied to eight airborne and spaceborne imaging spectrometers. • Rare earth ore grade of 3.2 wt% can be detected by the new indices at 30-m resolution. Numerous researchers are exploring innovative ways to map rare earth elements (REEs) critical to components in high technology devices precisely, and one approach that has made significant advances in recent years involves imaging spectroscopy. This research focuses on the utilization of this technique to map REEs across the Sulfide Queen mine and Birthday claim area located in Mountain Pass, California, where the highest concentrations of REEs within a carbonatite deposit in the United States have been reported. New spectral indices based on reflectance measurements of eleven representative ore samples under visible illumination in a laboratory setting were developed and applied to data collected by eight airborne and spaceborne imaging spectrometers. The results show that these indices can effectively detect REEs in any rock formation where an adequate amount of rare earth fluorocarbonates have accumulated. Identification can be achieved using airborne and spaceborne hyperspectral sensors with a spatial resolution of up to 30 m. Geochemical analyses confirm that a REE+Y ore grade of 3.25 wt% or greater is sufficient for detection using these indices.