Glycometabolic Regulation of Angiogenesis: Mechanisms and Therapeutic Strategies

Figures

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  Figure 1. Note: (A) In the initial stage of angiogenesis, ECs respond to pro-angiogenic signals such as ANG-2 by activating MMPs, which disrupt intercellular tight junctions and confer migratory and motile capabilities to the cells. (B) ECs form bud-like structures under induction, differentiating into tip cells at the front and stalk cells at the rear. (C) EC polarization requires cytoskeletal reorganization, with molecules such as PAR3 and PKC promoting the formation of cell polarity and driving lumen development. (D) Vascular stabilization and maturation are mediated by PDGFB and TGFβ1, which recruit pericytes and vascular smooth muscle cells to adhere to the surface of newly formed vessels, providing support and stabilization. (E) In the final stage of angiogenesis, ANG-1 activates the TIE-2 receptor, stabilizing the vasculature and initiating blood flow. MMP, matrix metalloproteinase; ANG-1, angiopoietin-1; EC, endothelial cell; PDGFB, platelet-derived growth factor; TGFβ1, transforming growth factor-beta 1. By Figdraw.

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  Figure 2. Regulatory mechanisms of angiogenesis. MMP, matrix metalloproteinase; ANG-1, angiopoietin-1; EC, endothelial cell; PDGFB, platelet-derived growth factor; TGFβ1, transforming growth factor-beta 10; VEGF, Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor; IGF, Insulin-like Growth Factor; bFGF, Basic Fibroblast Growth Factor; VEGFR-2, Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Receptor-2; IGFR, Insulin-like Growth Factor Receptor; FGFR, Fibroblast Growth Factor Receptor; PI3K, Phosphoinositide 3-kinase; Akt, Protein Kinase B; Nos, Nitric Oxide Synthase; Ekr1/2, Extracellular signal-regulated kinases 1/2; HIF-1α, Hypoxia-inducible factor 1, subunit alpha; Notch, Notch receptor; Dll4, Delta-like ligand 4; Jagged1, Jagged Canonical Notch Ligand 1; Src, Src proto-oncogene, non-receptor tyrosine kinase; FAK, Focal Adhesion Kinase; P38MAPK, p38 Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase; Ras, Rat Sarcoma; ANG-1, angiopoietin-1; ANG-2, angiopoietin-2; Tie-1, Tyrosine Kinase with Ig-like and EGF-like domains-1; Tie-2, Tyrosine Kinase with Ig-like and EGF-like domains-2. By Figdraw.