A new NLO standard has been set by compound 1 for the substance class of analines: Their second-order polarizability β is two orders of magnitude higher than that of the one-dimensional NLO prototype p-nitroaniline. This is an example of the optimization of nonlinear optical chromophores with a threefold axis of symmetry, a current challenge for synthetic organic chemistry.
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Wolff et al. (2000) studied this question.