Risk Assessment and Management for Medieval Muslim Cemeteries in Srinagar: Integrating Quantitative and Cultural Approaches at Mazar-E-Salateen and Mazar-E-Kalan

Medieval Muslim cemeteries in Kashmir are critical heritage assets endangered by urbanisation, climate change, and poor conservation. Mazar-e-Salateen and Mazar-e-Kalan in Srinagar, dating to the Sultanate period (fourteenth–sixteenth centuries), face encroachment, ongoing use, and multi hazard exposure. This study introduces a framework combining qualitative assessment, ICCROM ABC methodology, and NARA Grid authenticity assessment. The methodology integrates qualitative condition assessment, hazard classification, quantitative ABC risk magnitude analysis, and post-event authenticity loss evaluation using the INi index. Site elements were analysed by threat categories, with risk magnitude determined through probability, significance loss, and vulnerability indices. Surveys of the two cemeteries (1339–1561) showed serious deterioration from urban pressures and inappropriate interventions. NARA Grid analysis revealed medium cultural value loss, some elements with extreme vulnerability, and boundary walls facing imminent collapse. Rising damp, urbanisation, and earthquakes intensify these risks. The approach captured measurable risks and intangible cultural values, guiding conservation priorities.