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July 20, 2026Criminology

The role of police perceptions of gender variation in California police stops: A research note

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Authors

JGJordan GrassoCMCaro A. Mooney

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Overview

Research note examines how perceived gender affects policing outcomes for transgender individuals, indicating bias.

Key Points

  • This research explores how police perceptions of gender influence interactions and outcomes during stops.
  • Analyzed data from California's Racial and Identity Profiling Act involving subjective police perceptions during stops.
  • Compared search and arrest rates for perceived transgender individuals versus cisgender individuals.
  • Transgender individuals are significantly more likely to be searched and arrested than cisgender individuals.
  • No significant difference in contraband found during searches for transgender and cisgender individuals.

Cite This Study

Grasso et al. (2026) studied this question.

synapsesocial.com/papers/6a5dbab88bd453d3397abd3ehttps://doi.org/10.1111/1745-9125.70063
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