Applications of 3D printed models in maritime education: identifying suitable subjects, integration strategies, and design variables

Maritime Education and Training face challenges in connecting theory with practical skills due to the high cost and limited flexibility of simulators. Additive manufacturing offers a practical solution by providing customisable, affordable instructional models that enhance hands-on engagement. Using a mixed-methods design, this study collected data through interviews and focus groups, applying the Analytic Hierarchy Process to prioritise design features. The results show that 3D-printed models are most beneficial for spatial reasoning subjects like ship stability and port operations. Effective integration involves visual aids and collaborative learning, with colour and scale identified as the most influential design factors. By bridging the gap between theoretical and practical learning, 3D printing reinforces competency-based training and supports the modernisation of maritime curricula through a newly developed integration framework..