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Human development is a key driver of economic growth, though its effects can vary across income levels and regional contexts. While prior studies have often focused on specific regions or income groups, comprehensive global analyses remain limited. This study addresses that gap by examining the impact of human development on economic growth using panel data from 2015 to 2022, covering 188 countries. Applying the System-GMM estimation technique, the results reveal that human development has a positive and statistically significant effect on economic growth in middle- and high-income countries, while its impact is not significant in low-income countries. Regional analysis broadly supports the global findings: regions dominated by middle- and high-income countries show significant positive effects, whereas regions with a high proportion of low-income countries exhibit weaker impacts. These findings underscore that the growth-enhancing effects of human development are not uniform, but shaped by income structures and development stages.
Puttitanun et al. (Thu,) studied this question.