Key points are not available for this paper at this time.
Walker, B. H., S. R. Carpenter, J. Rockstrom, A.-S. Crépin, and G. D. Peterson. 2012. Drivers, "slow" variables, "fast" variables, shocks, and resilience. Ecology and Society 17(3): 30. https://doi.org/10.5751/ES-05063-170330
Walker et al. (Sun,) studied this question.