Oceanographic variability in the Skagerrak and Northern Kattegat, May–June, 1990

The Skagerrak Experiment (SKAGEX), was a large, international, ICES-supported joint venture, carried out in the Skagerrak–Kattegat area on four different surveys in the period 1990–1991. It involved some 20 institutes and, at times, up to 17 research vessels. The main aim of the Experiment was to identify and quantify the different water masses entering and leaving the Skagerrak area and their variation over time. It also aimed to investigate the mechanisms that drive the circulation and to study their effects on biological processes. The aim was to be attained mostly through extensive synoptic observations. This paper focuses on the variability in physical, chemical and biological parameters during the first part of SKAGEX, 24 May–20 June 1990. During the first half of the period of investigation, the main outflow from the Skagerrak, represented by the Norwegian Coastal Current, was barotropic with daily mean velocities varying from 10–40 cm s−1. During the second half a clear baroclinic current component developed, giving rise to near surface velocities of up to 100 cm s−1. A pronounced feature in the Skagerrak during the study was the counter-clockwise circulation of the Norwegian Coastal Current at times of strong northwesterly winds. During such conditions this surface water reached as far as the Danish coast south of 57°N and upwelling along the Norwegian coast was also found. During northerly winds upwelling also occurred along the Swedish coast. The nutrient-rich Jutland Coastal Water, originating from the German Bight, was never found to reach the inner part of the Skagerrak during this first part of SKAGEX. It was partly blocked or diluted by other water-masses. A large “ridge” of nutrient-rich Atlantic water was found in the central Skagerrak throughout the investigation. It is shown that this elongated “ridge” was associated with the deepest (>500 m) area of the Skagerrak. Within this area, high subsurface chlorophyll concentrations were always found and, due to the persistence of the supply of nutrients, it is concluded that this phenomenon could be one of the main reasons for the high productivity of the Skagerrak.