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Abstract Tunnel engineering is confronted with various challenges including soft rock deformation, rock bursts, water-abundant faults, heat-induced damage, and tunnel portal slope instability arising from complex geological conditions, which renders traditional support technologies inadequate. Our team has proposed the “excavation compensation method” innovatively and developed NPR materials. Four collaborative coupling technology systems have been established: high-prestressed anchor cable active support, double-gradient grouting, double isolation and double control of tunnel faults, and double isolation and double control of high geothermal tunnels. Through engineering applications, these technologies have achieved remarkable results in the control of surrounding rock deformation, reduction of rock bursts, water control, mitigation of heat-induced damage, and slope stabilisation, thereby providing a reference for future tunnel multi-disaster prevention and control.
Tao et al. (Mon,) studied this question.
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