Graph theory is a very popular area of discrete mathematics with not only numerous theoretical developments, but also countless applications to practical problems. As a research area, graph theory is still relatively young, but it is maturing rapidly with many deep results having been discovered over the last couple of decades. The theory of graphs can be roughly partitioned into two branches: the areas of undirected graphs and directed graphs (digraphs). Even though both areas have numerous important applications, for various reasons, undirected graphs have been studied much more extensively than directed graphs. One of the reasons is that undirected graphs form in a sense a special class of directed graphs (symmetric digraphs) and hence problems that can be formulated
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Bang‐Jensen et al. (2002) studied this question.
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