An ultra-compact Mach-Zehnder (MZ) electro-optic (EO) modulator composed of nanoscale metal gap waveguides is numerically demonstrated. Propagation of surface plasmon polaritons in nano-size channels and their EO modulations is investigated by the finite-difference time-domain method considering the Lorentz-Drude model. The half-wave voltage (Vπ) of the resulting MZ modulator for push–pull operation is 1.73 V using the interference arm with a sub-micron length (500 nm).
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Inoue et al. (2009) studied this question.
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