Covalent Functionalization of Boron Nitride Nanotubes via Reduction Chemistry

Boron nitride nanotubes (BNNTs) exhibit a range of properties that hold great potential for many fields of science and technology; however, they have inherently low chemical reactivity, making functionalization for specific applications difficult. Here we propose that covalent functionalization of BNNTs via reduction chemistry could be a highly promising and viable strategy. Through density functional theory calculations of the electron affinity of BNNTs and their binding energies with various radicals, we reveal that their chemical reactivity can be significantly enhanced via reducing the nanotubes (i.e., negatively charging). For example, a 5.5-fold enhancement in reactivity of reduced BNNTs toward NH2 radicals was predicted relative to their neutral counterparts. The localization characteristics of the BNNT π electron system lead the excess electrons to fill the empty p orbitals of boron sites, which promote covalent bond formation with an unpaired electron from a radical molecule. In support of our theoretical findings, we also experimentally investigated the covalent alkylation of BNNTs via reduction chemistry using 1-bromohexane. The thermogravimetric measurements showed a considerable weight loss (12-14%) only for samples alkylated using reduced BNNTs, suggesting their significantly improved reactivity over neutral BNNTs. This finding will provide an insight in developing an effective route to chemical functionalization of BNNTs.