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July 21, 2026World Journal of Surgical Oncology0 citationsOpen Access

Prognostic impact of adjacent organ invasion on cancer-specific mortality in non-metastatic renal cell carcinoma

MFMaximilian FilzmayerGoethe University Frankfurt LQLeonardo QuartaVita-Salute San Raffaele University MPMichele PetixUniversity of Milan

Key Points

This research aims to assess the impact of adjacent organ invasion on cancer-specific mortality in patients with non-metastatic renal cell carcinoma.
Identified M0 RCC patients treated with radical nephrectomy from the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results database (2004–2022).
Applied propensity score matching and fitted multivariable competing-risks regression models.
Conducted sensitivity analyses for robustness of primary findings.
Of 27,859 patients, CSM at 120 months: 63.0% in pT4 versus 43.2% in pT3 and 26.0% in pT2.
pT4 associated with 1.84-fold higher CSM compared to pT3 (p < 0.001) and 3.31-fold higher compared to pT2 (p < 0.001).
Sensitivity analyses showed effect estimates for pT4 versus pT3 ranged from 1.79 to 1.93, and for pT4 versus pT2 ranged from 2.96 to 3.47 (all p < 0.001).

Abstract

Abstract Purpose The increase in cancer-specific mortality (CSM) associated with pathologically confirmed adjacent organ invasion (pT4) in non-metastatic (M0) renal cell carcinoma (RCC), relative to limited local invasion (pT3) or no local invasion (pT2) with otherwise same patient and tumor characteristics, is unknown. We addressed this knowledge gap. Methods Within the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results database (2004–2022), M0 RCC patients treated with radical nephrectomy were identified. Propensity score matching (PSM) was applied, and multivariable competing-risks regression (CRR) models were fitted. Additional sensitivity analyses were performed to evaluate the robustness of the primary findings. Results Of 27,859 patients, 666 (2.4%) were classified as pT4, 15,343 (55.1%) as pT3, and 11,850 (42.5%) as pT2. After PSM, CSM at 120 months was 63.0% in pT4 versus 43.2% in pT3 and 26.0% in pT2. In multivariable CRR models, pT4 was associated with 1.84-fold higher CSM compared with pT3 ( p < 0.001) and 3.31-fold higher CSM compared with pT2 ( p < 0.001). In sensitivity analyses restricted to patients with clear-cell RCC, patients diagnosed before approval of adjuvant systemic therapy, and patients without lymph node invasion, corresponding effect estimates ranged from 1.79 to 1.93 for the comparison with pT3 and from 2.96 to 3.47 for the comparison with pT2 (all p < 0.001). Conclusion In M0 RCC, the presence of adjacent organ invasion (pT4) doubles the rate of CSM relative to pT3 and triples the rate of CSM relative to pT2 when all other tumor and patient characteristics are held constant. These findings quantify the very aggressive nature of pT4 independent of other tumor and patient characteristics and thereby validate contemporary T staging. Accordingly, more frequent follow-up and prioritization of pT4 patients for discussions regarding adjuvant systemic therapy may be warranted compared with their pT3 and pT2 counterparts.

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