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Proposes braid groups to explore procedural differences in justice frameworks, indicating new interpretive approaches.
Two procedures may issue in the same distribution and yet not be equally just. Theories of procedural justice have long recognized this, and each has registered it in its own way: Rawls in the doctrine of pure procedural justice, Tyler in the finding that judgments of fairness track something the outcome does not record, deliberative theory in its attention to sequence and agenda, Sen in the turn toward comparison. What none of them supplies is a formal object whose elements are the procedural differences themselves — a structure in which two histories that project to the same endpoint remain distinguishable, and in which the question of whether they are the same procedure has an answer. This paper proposes the braid group as one candidate structure. Under the projection π: Bₙ → Sₙ, which retains the endpoint permutation and discards the path, the pure braid group Pₙ = ker π is the group of transformations that preserve outcome while altering relational history; two histories are outcome-equivalent precisely when they differ by an element of Pₙ. The paper argues that this is the object procedural justice has described without possessing, and argues equally that it is not by itself an object of justice. Whether a given procedural difference matters is not settled by the topology, and an account that claims otherwise attributes to a structure of path-dependence a normative content it does not carry. The paper therefore introduces an interpretive operator, written Φ, that assigns relational significance to elements of Pₙ in context; it does not construct Φ, and argues that the contribution of a formalism of this kind is to locate where interpretation must enter rather than to dispense with it. Four constructed cases test the resulting model for sensitivity, specificity, interpretive underdetermination, and boundary — the last exhibiting a case the formalism cannot represent at all. A closing section places procedural justice among the layers of evaluation that generative relational being requires, and marks what braids cannot carry.
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Wanhong HUANG (2026) studied this question.
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