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Geopolitical energy disruptions are often treated as short-term shocks to fossil fuel supply and price stability. This review argues that, for many developing and emerging economies in the Global South, such disruptions can become embedded in fiscal systems, resource frontiers, value-chain positions, and governance arrangements. Using a structured interpretive review of peer-reviewed literature and institutional policy reports, the article develops a structural energy vulnerability framework to explain how geopolitical shocks are transmitted through three main pathways: fiscal absorption through subsidy and stabilization regimes, extractive acceleration under revenue and industrial-policy pressures, and environmental and land-use externalization in resource-producing regions. It also identifies trade-governance exposure as a cross-cutting channel through which sustainability standards, carbon-related measures, and market-access rules may redistribute compliance burdens. The synthesis shows that Global South economies are not exposed in the same way. Import-dependent economies, hydrocarbon exporters, critical mineral exporters, bioenergy producers, and manufacturing-oriented emerging economies face distinct combinations of fiscal, extractive, environmental, and regulatory risk. The article contributes to energy governance and just transition debates by connecting fossil fuel shocks, critical mineral dependence, bioenergy governance, and trade-governance exposure within a single transmission-oriented framework. It argues that policy responses should move beyond reactive stabilization toward targeted fiscal reform, value-chain upgrading, environmental and land-use safeguards, and asymmetry-sensitive trade and transition governance.
Purnama et al. (Mon,) studied this question.