New Directions in Plastic Debris

The largest ever meeting focusing on plastic debris in the environment was recently held in Redondo Beach, California (11). It is evident that plastic waste presents major concerns in aquatic habitats worldwide. However, this meeting differed from previous efforts/gatherings because representatives from industry, government, academia, and nongovernment organizations were united in their desire to identify solutions to reducing waste. There has been a switch in the types of litter recorded, from shipping- and fishing-related debris to landbased sources. This was poignantly underscored by reports of islands of plastic debris swept into the sea by Hurricane Katrina. Polymer scientist A. Andrady explained that all the plastic introduced into the oceans remains unmineralized as either entire objects or fragments, some of which are less than 20 μm in diameter (22). Large items of debris cause entanglement, impaired feeding, and mortality to birds, turtles, and mammals. Microscopic fragments are also ingested, but the consequences are unknown. H. Takada and C. Moore presented evidence on the ability of plastic to accumulate PCBs, DDE, and nonylphenol (33), and the potential for toxic chemicals to transfer to the food chain was identified as a key research direction. It was also recognized that better understanding of effects at an organismal level is required before consequences at population and ecosystem levels can be examined. In terms of solutions, much could be achieved by reductions in packaging. Keynote speaker W. McDonough made the case for a “cradle to cradle” (44) strategy to ensure that plastics are retained in a product- specific recycling loop-turning debris from a waste disposal liability into feedstock for production. Although debris can be removed from drains and rivers by physical separators, there is also a key role for education to help reduce littering. The importance of social research to establish the public's willingness to engage with these solutions was also clearly recognized. !Figure5 Toy cars amid debris in New Orleans after Hurricane Katrina. CREDIT: DAVID QUINN/AP PHOTO 1. 1. ↵6Plastic Debris Rivers to Seas, organized by the California Coastal Commission, 7 to 9 Sept 2005. 2. 2. ↵71. R. C. Thompson 2. et al. , Science 304, 838 (2004). OpenUrl8FREE Full Text9 3. 3. ↵101. Y. Mato 2. et al. , Environ. Sci. Technol. 35, 318 (2001). OpenUrl11CrossRef12PubMed13Web of Science14 4. 4. ↵151. W. McDonough, 2. M. Braungart, Cradle to Cradle (North Point Press, New York, 2002). 1: #ref-1 2: #ref-2 3: #ref-3 4: #ref-4 5: pending: yes 6: #xref-ref-1-1 View reference 1. in text 7: #xref-ref-2-1 View reference 2. in text 8: openurl? query=rft. jtitle%253DScience%26rft. stitle%253DScience%26rft. aulast%253DThompson%26rft. auinit1%253DR. %2BC. %26rft. volume%253D304%26rft. issue%253D5672%26rft. spage%253D838%26rft. epage%253D838%26rft. atitle%253DLost%2Bat%2BSea%253A%2BWhere%2BIs%2BAll%2Bthe%2BPlastic%253F%26rftᵢd%253Dinfo%253Adoi%252F10. 1126%252Fscience. 1094559%26rftᵢd%253Dinfo%253Apmid%252F15131299%26rft. genre%253Darticle%26rftᵥalfmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Ajournal%26ctxᵥer%253DZ39. 88-2004%26urlᵥer%253DZ39. 88-2004%26urlctxfmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Actx 9: /lookup/ijlink/YTozOntzOjQ6InBhdGgiO3M6MTQ6Ii9sb29rdXAvaWpsaW5rIjtzOjU6InF1ZXJ5IjthOjQ6e3M6ODoibGlua1R5cGUiO3M6NDoiRlVMTCI7czoxMToiam91cm5hbENvZGUiO3M6Mzoic2NpIjtzOjU6InJlc2lkIjtzOjEyOiIzMDQvNTY3Mi84MzgiO3M6NDoiYXRvbSI7czoyNToiL3NjaS8zMTAvNTc1MS8xMTE3LjIuYXRvbSI7fXM6ODoiZnJhZ21lbnQiO3M6MDoiIjt9 10: #xref-ref-3-1 View reference 3. in text 11: openurl? query=rft. jtitle%253DEnvironmental%2BScience%2B%2526%2BTechnology%252C%2BES%2B%2526%2BT%26rft. stitle%253DEnvironmental%2BScience%2B%2526%2BTechnology%252C%2BES%2B%2526%2BT%26rft. aulast%253DMato%26rft. auinit1%253DY. %26rft. volume%253D35%26rft. issue%253D2%26rft. spage%253D318%26rft. epage%253D324%26rft. atitle%253DPlastic%2Bresin%2Bpellets%2Bas%2Ba%2Btransport%2Bmedium%2Bfor%2Btoxic%2Bchemicals%2Bin%2Bthe%2Bmarine%2Benvironment. %26rftᵢd%253Dinfo%253Adoi%252F10. 1021%252Fes0010498%26rftᵢd%253Dinfo%253Apmid%252F11347604%26rft. genre%253Darticle%26rftᵥalfmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Ajournal%26ctxᵥer%253DZ39. 88-2004%26urlᵥer%253DZ39. 88-2004%26urlctxfmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Actx 12: /lookup/external-ref? accessₙum=10. 1021/es0010498&linkₜype=DOI 13: /lookup/external-ref? accessₙum=11347604&linkₜype=MED&atom=%2Fsci%2F310%2F5751%2F1117. 2. atom 14: /lookup/external-ref? accessₙum=000166390700011&linkₜype=ISI 15: #xref-ref-4-1 View reference 4. in text