October 23, 2024npj Parkinson s Disease22 citationsOpen Access
A review of temporal interference, nanoparticles, ultrasound, gene therapy, and designer receptors for Parkinson disease
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Abstract
In this review, we summarize preclinical and clinical trials investigating innovative neuromodulatory approaches for Parkinson disease (PD) motor symptom management. We highlight the following technologies: temporal interference, nanoparticles for drug delivery, blood-brain barrier opening, gene therapy, optogenetics, upconversion nanoparticles, magnetothermal nanoparticles, magnetoelectric nanoparticles, ultrasound-responsive nanoparticles, and designer receptors exclusively activated by designer drugs. These studies establish the basis for novel and promising neuromodulatory treatments for PD motor symptoms.