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STEM education (Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics) is a teaching orientation that has garnered global attention in the context of the Fourth Industrial Revolution. Currently, STEM education is being integrated into general education as an active teaching model aimed at developing students' competencies. This paper explores teaching models, the teaching competencies of general school teachers, and STEM education in general schools to formulate a concept, definition, and competency framework for STEM teaching for general school teachers. The result is the establishment of a STEM teaching competency framework with 3 standards (STEM subject knowledge, STEM pedagogical skills, and technology usage skills in STEM teaching), 8 criteria, 14 indicators, and 26 behavioral manifestations derived from these 3 standards of STEM teaching competency for general school teachers. The proposal of this STEM teaching competency framework is significant in the training and professional development of teachers, enabling effective implementation of STEM education and improving teaching quality in general schools.
Le et al. (Sun,) studied this question.