PollutionNet: a vision transformer framework for climatological assessment of NO2 and SO2 using satellite-ground data fusion

Accurate assessment of atmospheric nitrogen dioxide (NO 2 ) and sulfur dioxide (SO 2 ) is essential for understanding climate-air quality interactions, supporting environmental policy, and protecting public health. Traditional monitoring approaches face limitations: satellite observations provide broad spatial coverage but suffer from data gaps, while ground-based sensors offer high temporal resolution but limited spatial extent. To address these challenges, we propose PollutionNet, a Vision Transformer-based framework that integrates Sentinel-5P TROPOMI vertical column density (VCD) data with ground-level observations. By leveraging self-attention mechanisms, PollutionNet captures complex spatiotemporal dependencies that are often missed by conventional CNN and RNN models. Applied to Ireland (2020–2021), our case study demonstrates that PollutionNet achieves state-of-the-art performance (RMSE: 6.89 µg/m 3 for NO 2 , 4.49 µg/m 3 for SO 2 ), reducing prediction errors by up to 14% compared to baseline models. Beyond accuracy gains, PollutionNet provides a scalable and data-efficient tool for applied climatology, enabling robust pollution estimation in regions with sparse monitoring networks. These results highlight the potential of advanced machine learning approaches to enhance climate-related air quality research, inform environmental management, and support sustainable policy decisions. The code and data used in this study are publicly available at: https://github.com/Prasanjit-Dey/PollutionNet .