In Situ Spectroscopic Investigation of the Molecular and Electronic Structures of SiO2 Supported Surface Metal Oxides

Groups 5−7 transition metal oxides (V 2 O 5, Nb 2 O 5, Ta 2 O 5, CrO 3, MoO 3, WO 3, Re 2 O 7 ) were anchored on a SiO 2 support via incipient wetness impregnation and calcination. The molecular and electronic structures of the dehydrated supported metal oxides and the SiO 2 support were determined by combined in situ Raman, IR, and UV−vis spectroscopy under dehydrated conditions. In situ Raman characterization reveals that the supported metal oxides are only present as surface species below the maximum dispersion limit (where crystalline metal oxide nanoparticles are absent). In situ IR analysis shows that the surface metal oxides anchor to the SiO 2 support at Si−OH and adjacent Si−O−Si sites. The corresponding in situ UV−vis diffuse reflectance spectroscopy indicates that the dehydrated surface metal oxide species are present as isolated structures. Isotopic D 2 O−H 2 O exchange demonstrates that the dehydrated surface MO x species possess the M O oxo functionality but no M OH bonds. The number of M O oxo bonds was found to be related to the metal oxide oxidation state or group number. The group 5 surface metal oxides are present as surface monoxo O M( O Si) 3 species. The group 6 surface metal oxides primarily contain the surface dioxo (O ) 2 M( O Si) 2 structures with some surface monoxo O MO 4 species also present. In situ Raman under reduction environments allowed for the discrimination between these multiple MO x surface species as well as between vibrations from the metal oxides and the silica support. Only rhenia from the group 7 surface metal oxides was examined and found to possess the surface trioxo (O ) 3 Re O Si structure. These molecular and electronic structural insights for dehydrated surface metal oxides on SiO 2 catalysts will facilitate the establishment of fundamental structure−activity relationships for future catalytic reaction studies.