Vitamin D intake and status in children and adolescents: Comparing vegetarian, vegan, and omnivorous diets

AIM: This study aimed to evaluate papers analysing dietary intake, 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D) concentrations and anthropometry in children on vegetarian, vegan and omnivorous diets, as research indicates all diets generally fall below recommended vitamin D intake. METHODS: This mini review examined the vitamin D status of children aged 1-18 years by systematically searching PubMed, Google Scholar and Scopus databases from January 1, 2000, to December 31, 2023. RESULTS: The review included nine studies published between 2000 and 2023. Four studies reported lower vitamin D intake in children on vegetarian and vegan diets compared to omnivores. Three studies reported lower 25(OH)D concentrations in children on vegetarian and vegan diets. Specifically, one study found lower concentrations in vegans compared to omnivores, another found lower concentrations in vegetarians and vegans not taking supplements and a third reported lower 25(OH)D concentrations in Asian children aged 3-4.5 years compared to Caucasian children. Three studies found no significant differences in 25(OH)D between diet groups. Three studies assessing anthropometry showed that vegetarians have similar body weight and height as omnivores. CONCLUSION: Children across all dietary groups may have low vitamin D intakes; supplementation should be considered for those with inadequate sun exposure, especially those avoiding animal products.