Key result
The proposed SVD and LL-ACE-based algorithm provided a higher compression ratio for steganographed PPG signals compared to other algorithms, while precisely controlling clinical quality.
Why the study?
Quality-guaranteed photoplethysmogram (PPG) signal compression and steganography of patient secret information are still lagging behind.
A novel SVD and LL-ACE-based algorithm enables highly efficient compression of steganographed PPG signals while preserving clinical signal quality and patient data integrity.
OBJECTIVE: Extraction and analysis of various clinically significant features of photoplethysmogram (PPG) signals for monitoring several physiological parameters as well as for biometric authentication have become important areas of research in recent years. However, PPG signal compression; particularly quality-guaranteed compression, and steganography of patient's secret information is still lagging behind. METHOD: This paper presents a robust, reliable and highly-efficient singular value decomposition (SVD) and lossless ASCII character encoding (LL-ACE)-based quality-guaranteed PPG compression algorithm. This algorithm can not only be used to compress PPG signals but also do so for steganographed PPG signals that include the patient information. RESULT AND CONCLUSION: It is worth mentioning that such an algorithm is being proposed for the first time to compress steganographed PPG signals. The algorithm is tested on PPG signals collected from four different databases, and its performance is assessed using both quantitative and qualitative measures. The proposed steganographed PPG compression algorithm provides a compression ratio that is much higher than that provided by other algorithms that are designed to compress the PPG signals only. SIGNIFICANCE: (1) the clinical quality of the reconstructed PPG signal can be controlled precisely, (2) the patient's personal information is restored with no errors, (3) high compression ratio, and (4) the PPG signal reconstruction error is neither dependent on the steganographic operation nor on the size of the patient information data.
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Mukhopadhyay et al. (2018) studied this question. SVD and LL-ACE-based quality-guaranteed PPG compression algorithm vs. Other algorithms designed to compress PPG signals only was evaluated on Compression ratio and clinical quality of reconstructed PPG signal. The proposed SVD and LL-ACE-based algorithm provided a higher compression ratio for steganographed PPG signals compared to other algorithms, while precisely controlling clinical quality.
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