Phage Therapy: Application and Related Problems—A Review

Bacteriophages, viruses that target bacteria, offer a promising alternative to antibiotics in the face of escalating bacterial resistance. Despite their discovery over a century ago, their widespread adoption has been impeded by regulatory challenges, limited funding, and the dominance of antibiotics. This review evaluates the current status of phage therapy by examining a comprehensive literature search, applying predefined inclusion and exclusion criteria. The review assesses selected scientific reports and clinical studies for their safety and efficacy profiles. Our findings indicate that advancements in phage therapy involve critical steps such as rapid bacterial detection, effective isolation, production, purification of phage preparations, and understanding their interactions with the host. Clinical studies generally show promising safety profiles with fewer adverse events compared to controls, and some trials suggest efficacy even at lower phage titers. Case reports further highlight phage therapy's potential, demonstrating high success rates and minimal adverse events, although caution is advised due to potential biases. Despite promising results, significant research gaps remain, primarily due to the limited number of large-scale, well-designed clinical trials.