Application of cardiovascular 3-dimensional printing in Transcatheter aortic valve replacement

Figures

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  Fig. 1. Pre- and postprocedural computed tomography angiography (CTA) data were used for the process of 3-dimensional (3D) printing

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  Fig. 2. Multicolor and multimaterial 3-dimensional printed models of aortic roots with different types of leaflets (leaflets as soft materials; calcifications as hard materials)

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  Fig. 3. 3-dimensional (3D) printed models were used to predict complications. A 3D reconstruction of the model. B The 3D printed model (ascending aorta view). C, D Predilation of the 3D printed model by using a balloon (Newmed Company, Shanghai, China) to observe the risk of coronary obstruction. Yellow arrows show that the area of the right coronary orifice was almost covered with different sizes of balloon dilations. E-F The 20-mm and 23-mm balloon (Newmed Company, Shanghai, China) was expanded in the model, respectively; red arrows show the position of PVL. G-H The release was simulated by using a Prizvalve® (Newmed Company, Shanghai, China) in the model (the ascending aorta view and the left ventricular outflow tract view); PVL could be seen (red arrow). I The left ventricular outflow tract (LVOT) and the calcification distribution could be observed in the 3D reconstructed models. J-K Multimaterial full-color 3D printing of the aortic root model (LVOT view and lateral view). L From the balloon (Newmed Company, Shanghai, China) dilation in vitro, leaflet displacement and interaction with the LVOT could be observed to predict of the incidence of conduction block. The white part of the…

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  Fig. 4. The release of different valves was simulated in the 3-dimensional printing models. A-C The simulated release of a Venus A valve (Qiming Company, Hangzhou, Jiangsu Province, China). D-F The simulated release of a J-valve (Jiecheng Company, Suzhou, Jiangsu Province, China). G-I The simulated release of a Prizvalve® (Newmed Company, Shanghai, China)

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  Fig. 5. The simulated release of (TAVR) simulators. A Transfemoral TAVR simulator. B Transapical TAVR simulator. C The digital subtraction angiography images of the simulated release using a Prizvalve® (Newmed Company, Shanghai, China). D The digital subtraction angiography images of the simulated release using a VitaFlow valve (Microport, Shanghai, China)

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  Fig. 6. The postprocedural evaluation after transcatheter aortic valve replacement using 3-dimensional printing models. A The postprocedural model used a VitaFlow valve (Microport, Shanghai, China) (the lateral view and the ascending aorta view). B The postprocedural model used a J-valve (Jiecheng Company, Suzhou, Jiangsu Province, China) (the positive view and the ascending aorta view). C The postprocedural multicolor model used a Prizvalve® (Newmed Company, Shanghai, China) (profile view and ascending aorta view). D Different views of the 3-dimensional printed model after transcatheter aortic valve replacement combined with mechanical mitral valve replacement and paravalvular leakage occlusion