Biomass Acid Synergistically Regulated Hydrogel Electrolyte and Electrode-Protective Layer for Dendrite-Free Zinc-Ion Hybrid Supercapacitors

. Besides, the assembled zinc-ion hybrid supercapacitor exhibits a homogeneous and smooth Zn deposition layer after 5000 cycles with a capacitance retention of 87.8%. Furthermore, because the MA-modified hydrogel electrolyte demonstrates excellent mechanical flexibility and strong adhesion to the electrodes, the supercapacitor could operate reliably under multiple mechanical stresses such as bending and compression. The coordinated regulation strategy provides a promising solution for enhancing the cycling stability of zinc energy storage devices.