Photocrosslinkable silk fibroin-hyaluronic acid hybrid hydrogels enable chondrocyte-driven matrix deposition and mechanical maturation for cartilage tissue engineering

Articular cartilage has limited self-repair capacity, and current treatments fail to restore its structure and function fully. 3D hydrogels that support chondrocyte viability and extracellular matrix (ECM) deposition offer a promising strategy for cartilage regeneration. Here, we developed a photo-crosslinkable silk fibroin–hyaluronic acid hydrogel for 3D encapsulation of primary human chondrocytes. Hydrogels were formulated with varying silk fibroin methacrylate (SilMA, 10-20% w/v) and hyaluronic acid methacrylate (HAMA, 1-2% w/v) concentrations and characterized for rheological, mechanical, and morphological properties. All SilMA-HAMA hydrogel formulations exhibited shear-thinning behavior and rapidly gelled (<20 s) under UV irradiation while maintaining high porosity, thereby ensuring injectability and efficient nutrient diffusion. Notably, the Young's modulus of the cell-laden scaffolds increased from ∼18 kPa to ∼1200 kPa over culture, indicating mechanical maturation driven by chondrocyte-mediated matrix deposition. This maturation was further confirmed by histological analysis and qPCR, which demonstrated enhanced ECM production and chondrogenic gene expression. Taken together, these results highlight SilMA-HAMA hydrogels as a promising biomimetic platform that couples mechanical reinforcement with biological functionality for cartilage tissue engineering.