Deterioration Mechanism and Health Diagnosis Methods of Deep Anchoring Structures

As mineral resource extraction progressively extends to greater depths, the complex deep underground environment poses severe corrosion-induced deterioration risks to anchoring structures such as rock bolts. Anchorage failure has thus become a critical safety concern constraining the stability of deep roadways. To address the failure mechanisms of anchoring systems under multi-physical field coupling effects, this study conducts numerical simulations of multi-field corrosion processes and ultrasonic nondestructive testing (NDT) based on a numerical modeling platform. The influence of temperature on corrosion rate and current density is systematically analyzed, and interface response characteristics are extracted and interpreted for defects of varying dimensions. A spatial complementary mechanism under different corrosion defect configurations is revealed, and a health diagnosis system incorporating multiple critical indicators is established. The results indicate that elevated temperature significantly accelerates bolt corrosion: the rise in temperature shifts the equilibrium potential negatively and exponentially increases the reaction rate constant, both of which synergistically promote anodic dissolution. In ultrasonic testing, monitoring points along the main axis are positioned within the transmission-focused zone, where defects induce acoustic wave diffraction and superposition such that even minor defects cause a multiplication of the dominant frequency. Lateral monitoring points lie in the reflection–interference zone, where small defects preferentially attenuate energy, while larger defects manifest as amplitude reduction and first-arrival wave lag; all characteristic indices increase monotonically with defect size. Based on the numerical simulation outcomes, a four-level grading diagnosis standard and a “bottom–lateral” detection scheme are proposed as simulation-based reference indicators. The model effectively reproduces both corrosion deterioration and acoustic wave propagation characteristics, thereby providing a quantitative basis for the assessment of anchoring structures in high-temperature deep underground environments.