Integrating Root and Foliar Uptake Pathways To Dynamically Model Tissue-Specific Accumulation of Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances in Crops Based on Continuous Field Monitoring

High-precision quantitative models capable of dynamically predicting per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) accumulation in crops are currently lacking. Existing models rarely account for multiroute uptake and lack validation under field conditions. In this study, PFAS levels in both environmental media and plant tissues throughout the full growth cycle of wheat and oilseed lettuce cultivated near a fluorochemical industrial park (FIP) were monitored. Total PFAS accumulation at maturity was markedly higher in oilseed lettuce than in wheat. Subsequently, a multitissue dynamic model integrating both soil-root and air-leaf uptake pathways was developed. Particularly, we first developed a computational program enabling a universal solution for model parameter optimization. The model was validated by using the crops grown at different sites near the FIP. The predicted cumulative PFAS amounts showed excellent agreement with the measured values ( R 2 > 0.967, p < 0.001), with over 96.3% of observations falling within twice the prediction interval. Model simulations revealed that soil-root uptake dominated PFAS accumulation in wheat (74.5%), while atmospheric uptake of PFAS held great importance for leafy oilseed lettuce (40.2%). The model effectively captures species-specific, tissue-specific, growth-stage-dependent, and compound-specific PFAS uptake characteristics, thereby offering robust support for full life-cycle crop monitoring and rapid food safety assessment.