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The Industrial Internet of Things (IIoT) has emerged as a potent catalyst for transformation across many industries as a part of Industry 4.0 . This review thoroughly examines IIoT applications, demonstrating how it enhances operational efficiency, informed decision-making, cost optimization, innovation, and workplace safety. While prior research has often concentrated on technical dimensions such as fog and edge computing , network protocols, or big data integration, several emerging and high-impact application areas remain underexplored. This study addresses that gap by systematically reviewing IIoT implementations in critical yet often overlooked domains, including environmental monitoring, agriculture , construction, healthcare, robotics, smart grids, and predictive maintenance . It offers fresh insights into how IIoT is being adapted to meet real-world challenges in these sectors. In addition to outlining the current landscape, the review identifies core barriers such as data security , interoperability, and system scalability. It underscores the importance of cross-sector collaboration and strategic alignment to fully leverage the transformative potential of IIoT. The paper concludes by outlining key research gaps and future opportunities to guide continued innovation and scholarly investigation.
Afrin et al. (Wed,) studied this question.