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Wearable technologies have emerged as powerful tools for non-invasive healthcare monitoring, enabling continuous detection of biomarkers to support personalized medicine and disease management. However, most biological biomarkers stay inside tissue and cannot be accessed on the skin surface through simple contact. Microneedle (MN) technology provides a solution for the wearable technologies to sample biofluid, detect biomarkers, and monitor electrophysiological signals. This article provides a comprehensive overview of the latest development in this field, highlighting MN design principles, functional integration with microfluidics, microelectronics, and artificial intelligence as well as the practical applications. We conclude by discussing the challenges in technical development, clinical validation, industrialization and regulatory compliance, as well as future prospects for MN-integrated wearable devices.
HU et al. (Thu,) studied this question.