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NaYF 4:Yb 3+,Er 3+ nanocrystals showing high colloidal solubility in water have been obtained by treating the nanocrystals with 1-hydroxyethane-1,1-diphosphonic acid (HEDP). HEDP attaches to the surface of the nanoparticles and leads to well-separated particles in aqueous solution as verified by IR spectroscopy and dynamic light scattering measurements. In addition, the surface modification with HEDP increases strongly the up-conversion efficiency of powders and aqueous colloidal solutions of the nanocrystals. These attractive features, above all the hydrophilic nature of the nanoparticles, should make them suitable especially for bio-applications.
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Schäfer et al. (2007) studied this question.
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