The Response and Survival Mechanisms of Staphylococcus aureus under High Salinity Stress in Salted Foods

Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) has a strong tolerance to high salt stress. It is a major reason as to why the contamination of S. aureus in salted food cannot be eradicated. To elucidate its response and survival mechanisms, changes in the morphology, biofilm formation, virulence, transcriptome, and metabolome of S. aureus were investigated. IsaA positively regulates and participates in the formation of biofilm. Virulence was downregulated to reduce the depletion of nonessential cellular functions. Inositol phosphate metabolism was downregulated to reduce the conversion of functional molecules. The MtsABC transport system was downregulated to reduce ion transport and signaling. Aminoacyl-tRNA biosynthesis was upregulated to improve cellular homeostasis. The betaine biosynthesis pathway was upregulated to protect the active structure of proteins and nucleic acids. Within a 10% NaCl concentration, the L-proline content was upregulated to increase osmotic stability. In addition, 20 hub genes were identified through an interaction analysis. The findings provide theoretical support for the prevention and control of salt-tolerant bacteria in salted foods.