Multimodality Cardiac Imaging in COVID-19 Infection

Figures

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  Figure 1. Echocardiographic markers of right ventricular impairment. (A) Significant tricuspid regurgitation. (B) High tricuspid gradient. (C) Right ventricular disfunction demonstrated by low TAPSE. (D) Short pulmonary acceleration time.

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  Figure 2. The Lake Louise criteria for diagnosis of myocarditis by cardiac magnetic resonance (reproduced after Ferreira et al.) [31].

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  Figure 3. Typical myocarditis as seen on the CMR of a 16-year-old patient with COVID-19 infection. (A). Inferior apical wall T2 hypersignal on a short-axis plane. (B) High native T2 on a four-chamber T2 mapping sequence. (C) High native T1 on a four-chamber T1 mapping sequence. (D) Inferior wall late enhancement on the intramyocardial and epicardial layers of the inferior wall on a PSIR short-axis plane.

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  Figure 4. Examples of CT findings in COVID-19 patients. (A) Bilateral pulmonary artery embolism (yellow arrow) on an axial plane. (B) Large coronary calcified plaque on the right coronary artery (yellow arrow). (C) Straightened multiplanar reconstruction (MPR) of the right coronary artery showing moderate stenosis (60%–red box) in coronary CT angiography. (D) Curved multiplanar reconstruction (MPR) of the right coronary artery showing moderate stenosis (60%–red box) in coronary CT angiography. (E) Invasive coronary angiography confirming moderate stenosis (yellow arrow) of the right coronary artery. ((B–E) are for the same COVID-19 patient with chest pain, who also presented anomalous origin in the left anterior descending and circumflex arteries).

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  Figure 5. Imaging algorithm in confirmed COVID-19 patients with chest pain. SD, standard deviation; LV, left ventricle; RV, right ventricle; STEMI, ST-elevation myocardial infarction; CAD, coronary artery disease; PE, pulmonary embolism.