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The electric power industry is experiencing a paradigm shift towards a carbon-free smart system boosted by rising energy demand, depreciation of long-lived physical assets, as well as global environmental challenges. Recent advances in information and communications technology, as well as the widespread integration of renewable energy resources to the power distribution system, have introduced new opportunities and challenges for system operators and end-users alike. Energy storage systems (ESSs) can help make the most of the opportunities and mitigate the potential challenges. Hence, the installed capacity of ESSs is rapidly increasing, both in front-of-the-meter and behind-the-meter (BTM), accelerated by recent deep reductions in ESS costs. This work is focused on BTM ESSs installed in end-users ' premises and associated technologies, different billing and pricing policies, as well as their potential capabilities from both the system operators' and end-users’ perspectives. Furthermore, a brief but comprehensive overview of optimization solutions for BTM energy management problems and a quick summary of some BTM case studies are provided. Finally, challenges in the realization of BTM systems in today's power system are explored, and potential research areas and progressive solutions for future studies are identified.
Rezaeimozafar et al. (Sat,) studied this question.