Review of Climate Change Impacts on Water Quantity and Quality in the Murray–Darling Basin, Australia

Climate change is a global phenomenon that significantly affects water quality and quantity, with implications observed across various regions worldwide. In the Murray–Darling Basin (MDB), Australia’s largest and most vital river system, climate change is exacerbating environmental and public health challenges, particularly through its impact on water resources. This review assesses the historical, current, and potential future impacts of climate change on both water quantity and quality in the MDB. The study involved a systematic review of 126 reputable sources, including peer-reviewed journals, government reports, and relevant books. A particular focus was given to the increasing frequency of blue-green algae (BGA) and blackwater events, which are key indicators of climate change’s impact on the basin’s water systems. The findings underscore the critical importance of integrating climate adaptation measures into existing water quality management policies to mitigate these adverse effects. The review concludes that proactive adaptation measures are essential for enhancing the resilience of the MDB’s water resources against the ongoing and future impacts of climate change, with lessons that may be applicable to other regions facing similar challenges.