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P2-Na0.67Ni0.33Mn0.67O2 cathode holds the merits of high working voltage/capacity, facile manufacture, and similar large-scale production to Li layered oxides. However, it suffers from issues of irreversible P2–O2 phase transition at a high voltage (>4.0 V), interfacial instability, and particle cracks after repeated cycle. Herein, in-situ formed MgO surface coating layer and Mg2+ subsurface gradient doping is obtained by Mg3(PO4)2 decomposition under 900 ℃. The as-formed in-situ surface coating and subsurface doping effects simultaneously guarantee the high-stability of material interface and structure. HRTEM and HAADF-STEM images clearly show the surface coating layer is 2‒5 nm and subsurface gradient doping depth is 3‒5 nm, rather than bulk doping. In-situ XRD patterns and in-situ DRT analysis profoundly clarify the enhanced electrochemical reaction stability and structural reversibility. Theoretical calculations elucidate superior electronic and spatial structures after in-situ surface coating and subsurface doping engineering. As a result, the optimized cathode shows ascendant discharge capacity of 100.3 mAh·g–1 at 1C with 80.8% retention during 500 cycles. It displays much improved rate capability of 81.5 mAh·g–1 at 5 C. Revealing excellent cycling stability and potential applications for high-performance sodium-ion batteries.
Ding et al. (Wed,) studied this question.