Vacancy engineering of metal–organic framework derivatives for supercapacitors and electrochemical water splitting

Metal-organic framework (MOF) derivatives have attracted widespread attention for overcoming the instability and low conductivity problems of pristine MOFs while retaining the complex micro-nanostructures of MOFs, demonstrating high potential in electrochemical energy conversion and storage. Recent studies have found that vacancy engineering can be used to tune the electronic structure of electrode materials, improving the electrical conductivity and electroactive sites. Therefore, vacancy engineering of MOF derivatives is emerging as a prominent research focus. In this review, we summarize the recent advances in the design and preparation of vacancy-containing MOF derivatives for supercapacitors (SCs) and electrocatalytic water splitting. The classification and fabrication strategies of vacancies in MOF derivatives are briefly overviewed. The prospects and challenges of electrode materials based on MOF derivatives with vacancies are also discussed.