Neonatal Endosurgical Congenital Diaphragmatic Hernia Repair

In Brief Objective: To compare outcomes of open and endosurgical neonatal congenital diaphragmatic hernia (CDH) repairs. Background: Historically a surgical emergency, neonatal CDH repair is now deferred pending stabilization of characteristically labile cardiopulmonary physiology. Usually accomplished via laparotomy, surgical repair may acutely worsen lung function; conversely, by reducing the visceral hernia, surgery might improve it. Theoretically, endosurgical repair could minimize deleterious effects of surgery while garnering benefits from decompressing the CDH lung. As endosurgical repair gains popularity, it is important to investigate whether or not minimally-invasive neonatal CDH repair has benefits. Methods: We searched Medline, Embase, and Cochrane Trials databases for studies comparing open with endosurgical CDH repair. Non-neonatal series and reports without comparison groups were excluded. References from papers and conference proceedings were also hand searched. Meta-analysis used a fixed effects model and was reported in accordance with PRISMA. Results: We included 3 studies (1 unpublished; none randomized); all compared thoracoscopic and open CDH repair and together described 143 patients. All studies had limitations, including use of historical controls. Demographics, CDH sidedness, APGAR and associated anomaly prevalence were similar between groups. For endosurgical repair, recurrence was higher (RR: 3.2 1.1, 9.3, P = 0.03) and operative time longer (WMD 50 minutes 32, 69, P < 0.00001). Survival and patch usage were not different between open and endosurgical groups. Conclusions: Neonatal thoracoscopic CDH repair has greater recurrence rates and operative times but similar survival and patch usage compared with open surgery. A prospective registry for all such cases would guide development of trials (Stage 2b; IDEAL recommendations). Using systematic review and meta-analysis of studies comparing open and endosurgical neonatal congenital diaphragmatic hernia repair, we found thoracoscopic repair is associated with higher recurrences and operative time but comparable survival and patch usage. Further evaluation would benefit from a registry for all cases; data could then inform the design of randomized trials.