Review on electrical stimulation combined with electroactive biomaterials to promote peripheral nerve regeneration

Peripheral nerve injury results in sensory and motor dysfunction, which is an enormous economic burden for patients and society. Complete recovery of peripheral nerve function after injury is complicated. Utilizing the electrophysiological properties of natural nerves for neuronal regulation and axon regeneration has attracted considerable interest. Electroactive biomaterials induce an active state of electrical stimulation (ES) at the site of peripheral nerve injury when incorporated into nerve guidance channels. Numerous studies have demonstrated that combining ES with electroactive biomaterials can enhance peripheral nerve repair. This review summarizes the regulation of signal pathways by ES and the functions of various electroactive biomaterials, including metals, carbon-based materials, conductive polymers, and piezoelectric materials. Recent advances and research of ES combined with electroactive biomaterials in peripheral nerve repair are reviewed, which may help to come up with more effective strategies to restore neural function after PNI.