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The present study proposed an adhesion model that incorporates effects of a warming asphalt agent, asphalt, and aggregate in a nonwater or water environment according to the surface free energy theory. The results indicated that the water stability of the recycled asphalt mixture could be evaluated by the adhesion work ratio under water or nonwater conditions. The polar component of the asphalt and the Lewis acid-base force parameter were changed by adding the warming agent; accordingly, the surface free energy of the asphalt was improved, the adhesion ability of the asphalt and the stone was enhanced, and the water stability of the recycled asphalt mixture was promoted.
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Guo et al. (2019) studied this question.
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