Moving From Point‐Based Analysis to Systems‐Based Modeling: Integration of Knowledge to Address Antimicrobial Resistance Against MDR Bacteria

The emerging discipline of Quantitative Systems Pharmacology (QSP) enables the integration of quantitative experimental data describing the interactions between the various biological processes within the system using mathematical modeling to gain better insights into the factors that drive disease pathogenicity and influence antibiotic pharmacokinetics (PKs)/pharmacodynamics (PDs). Through our perspective we consider the evolution from PK/PD models to mechanism-based and systems-based models and then finally QSP. We further emphasize the need to invest in ambitious research that takes into consideration: (i) the antibiotic PK/PD activity, (ii) the time course of the host immune response to understand the progression of the infection, (iii) and a growing appreciation of the cellular and molecular networks using multi-omics analysis to understand the modulation of antimicrobial therapy at a true systems level.