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An apparatus is described which measures the energy distribution of electrons extracted from solids, particularly semiconductors, by high electric fields. The energy spectra of these electrons are directly related to the location of allowed electronic states at the surface of the solid. Investigation of a range of energies and direct output of the energy spectra are obtained through the use of modulation and phase sensitive detection. Details of the spectrometer are described including samples of the output spectra.
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Allan M. Russell (1962) studied this question.
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